1. Define the "Just-In-Time" concept. (See the JIT Summary). 
   (See the Foster & Horngren summary for a short definition).

2. Is "Just-In-Time" a philosophy or just a collection of techniques? Explain your answer. 
   (See Chapter 8 and summaries by Deluzio 93 and McIlhattan).

3. Explain the difference between a value system, a value chain, and a value stream. 
   (See Chapter 8 discussion,  Figure 8-1, Figure 8-2 and the Donelan & Kaplan and
    Carr, Lawler & Shank summaries). (See the Baggaley & Maskell summaries for the 
    value stream concept). (Also, compare the Business Flow chart with the value chain concept.)

4. How does the value chain concept differ from the traditional value added concept? 
   (See Chapter 8 discussion).

5. Discuss the value chain in terms of the concepts of cooperation and teamwork. 
   (See Chapter 8 discussion).

6. What do we mean by the term "quality at the source"? (See Jidohka).

7. What is the difference between design quality and quality of conformance? 
    (See ABKY Chapter 2 Summary item 4 and the Morse summary).

8. Compare the concepts of Just-In-Time (JIT) and Just-In-Case (JIC) in terms of the 
    acquisition and utilization of resources. (See Figure 8-3).

9. Discuss the JIT and JIC concepts in terms of concealing and exposing problems.  
    (See Figure 8-3 and the Chapter 8 discussion).

10. Discuss the concept of continuous improvement and the Sheward-Deming
     Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) cycle. (See Kaizen and the PDCA & PDSA graphics). 

11. Describe several statistical tools used to achieve continuous improvement.
      (See Figure 8-5, Figure 8-6, Figure 8-7, Figure 8-8 and Figure 8-9). 
      (See the McNair 94 summary for another Fishbone illustration).

12. List and discuss several of the JIT practices that can be applied to the purchasing function.
      (See Chapter 8 and the Foster & Horngren summary).

13. Why would a company want to reduce the number of it’s vendors or suppliers? 
      Think about the two types of improvement. (See Chapter 3).

14. How does the relationship between a company and it’s suppliers change when the 
     companies convert from a traditional relationship to a JIT relationship? 
     (See, the Carr & Ittner, Dyer, and Saturn tour summaries). 

15. How do the suppliers benefit from JIT purchasing? 
     (See, the Carr & Ittner and Dyer summaries).

16. What is a focused factory? (See Chapter 8).

17. What does the term "cellular manufacturing" mean? 
     (See Figure 8-10, Figure 8-11 and the O'brien & Sivaramakrishnan and 
      Womack & Jones summaries. Womack & Jones Batch & Queue and Cellular graphics).

18. How does cellular manufacturing tend to reduce costs? 
      (See Chapter 8 and the McIlhattan and Womack & Jones summaries).

19. How does cellular manufacturing tend to improve product costing? (See Chapter 8 and
      the Deluzio 93b and McIlhattan summaries).

20. List and discuss several of the JIT practices that can be applied to the production function.
      (See Chapter 8 and the Foster & Horngren and Schonberger summaries).

21. Explain the difference between a demand pull production system and a push system. 
     (See Chapter 8 and the Spear & Bowen summary).

22. List and discuss some of the characteristics of a JIT accounting system. 
     (See Simplified Accounting and What is Lean Accounting?).

23. What do we mean by the term "backflush costing"? 
     (See Backflush Costing, Exhibit 8-1, Exhibit 8-2 and Exhibit 8-3).

24. Discuss the difference between traditional performance measurements and JIT measurements. 
    (See Chapter 8, the Comparison of Traditional Costing, ABC & JIT Systems, the
     summaries of Schonberger, Lessner, Vollman, and the CAM-I Chapter 6 summary).

25. List some of the JIT performance measurements related to purchasing. How do these
     measurements differ from traditional cost system measurements? (See Chapter 8 and 
     the Schonberger summary).

26. List some of the JIT performance measurements related to production. How do these
      measurements differ from traditional cost system measurements? (See Chapter 8 and
      the Schonberger summary).

27. If a company changed from a traditional plant layout and production system to a just-in-time
     plant layout and production system, there would be no need for activity based costing?
     Comment. Think about when ABC is needed and if this situation is present in a JIT system.
     (See Chapter 7 and the summaries of Cooper 96 and the comparison of ABC and JIT).

28. Is a JIT production system more like job order costing or process costing? Explain.
      (See Chapter 2 to review the cost accumulation methods).

29. How does converting from a traditional purchasing system to a JIT purchasing system
     reduce purchasing and receiving costs? (See, the Carr & Ittner summary).

30. How does converting from a traditional production system to a JIT production system 
      reduce costs? (See, the Carr & Ittner summary).

31. Switching from a traditional system to a JIT system involves several changes including a
     physical change in the plant layout, a change in the relationships with suppliers and customers
     (internal and external), and a mental change on the part of management and workers? 
     Briefly discuss the mental changes needed. Which type of change (physical or mental) do
     you think would be the most difficult to achieve? Why?

32. What is the key to the successful implementation of JIT?

33. When is cooperation needed?

34. What is empowerment?

35. Does empowerment have anything to do with theory X and theory Y? 
     (See the McGregor summary and the Managerial Grid).

36. What will happen to people who don’t want to be empowered?

37. What happens to materials and materials related costs in a JIT system? 
      (See the Carr & Ittner 92 summary).

38. What does the term flexibility mean in terms of JIT systems? Are JIT systems more flexible
      than traditional systems? How? (See the Crusoe, Schmelzle & Buttross summary).

39. What is poke yoke? Can you think of any poke yoke devices. (See Deluzio 93,
     Grout's Poka-Yoke site and the Davenport & Glaser summary).

40. How is overhead charged to products in a JIT system? (See the McIlhattan
      and O'Brien & Sivaramakrishnan summaries).

41. Based on the answer to the question above, what happens to product cost when cycle time
      increases? (See the O'Brien & Sivaramakrishnan, Campbell 95 and  McIlhattan summaries).

42. Based on the two previous questions, what happens to product cost when production
      volume increases?

43. What creates the need for work in process inventory? (See Figure 8-3).

44. What is the relationship between cycle time and the level of work in process inventory?

45. How does an accounting system based on the value chain concept differ from an accounting
     system based on the value added concept? 

46. When is ABC needed? Does this occur in a JIT environment? (See Exhibit 7-1).

47. Is standard cost variance analysis compatible with JIT? Explain. 
     (See the Foster & Horngren, Carr & Ittner, Lee, Jacob & Ulinski, Martin 98 and
      O'Brien & Sivaramakrishnan summaries. See also the CAM-I Chapter 6 summary 
      and the Comparison of Traditional Costing, ABC & JIT Systems).

48. What are the five whys? Example. Why 5? (See DeLuzio 93).

49. Crusoe, Schmelzle & Buttross discuss the  hidden costs  of JIT including labor
      union leverage, problems with flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), problems
      developing a flexible workforce, difficulties with supplying commodities using JIT,
      increased expenses for suppliers, and increased space needed for JIT machinery. 
      What do they mean by labor union leverage?

50. DeLuzio discusses JIT in two papers. In one paper he refers to a concept called "make 
      it ugly."  What is this concept and how is it used? (See DeLuzio 93).

51. What does Michael Dell mean by the term virtual integration? (See the Magretta summary).

52. What do Borthick, Bowen & Sullivan mean by the term JIT II? 
      (See the Clinton & Del Vecchio summaries 1 and 2, and the supply arrangements summary).

53. How can the concepts related to JIT be applied to service organizations?
      (See the Swank and Davenport & Glaser summaries).

54. Discuss how the key differences between a traditional push system and a JIT demand pull
     system are illustrated in Lee's Flo-Toy demonstration. (See Flo-Toy).

55. Discuss how cosourcing can provide benefits to companies that adopt JIT.
      (See the Clinton & Del Vecchio summaries 1 and 2, and the supply arrangements summary).

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